Mikhail Mikhailovich Karpukhin

We discuss the dynamics of the snow cover and its composition for the period 2013-2018 is shown that the annual dynamics of the snow cover is characterized by the alternation of high and low values. Thus, the highest values were typical for the winter of 2012/2013, followed by a decrease in 2013/2014. The leading role in the distribution of snow cover belongs to the position of the elementary landscape within the geochemical landscape. In all years of research, the water equivalent of snow cover is characterized by bicarbonate-calcium composition. The content of micro components in General is in the same order with the results given for the South taiga landscapes. Some excess of individual components in the composition of snow water in comparison with Meshchersk and Baikal landscapes, taken as a background, due to the proximity of the studied geochemical landscape and the main road M-10 (Moscow-St. Petersburg). It is assumed that the relatively high content of calcium in the snow water of the superaqueous landscape is associated with its possible arrival from the surface of meadowmarsh carbonate soils, boiling from the surface. Sulfate ion has been found to play a leading role in the diagnosis of atmogeochemical pollution, which is partially established for the studied landscapes.

The composition of water extracts of the soil, litter and land litter was studied for the conditions of the nesting places of the gray heron and the control plots in the zone of distribution of gray forest soils of the broad-leaved ecosystems of the Tula area. It has been established that the entry of bird excreta leads to an almost universal degradation of land cover, the formation of specific litters, with a significant influx of large tree litter, which is associated with the nest building process. It is shown that the upper horizons of gray forest soil, litter and litter in nesting conditions are characterized by an increased content of such elements as calcium, potassium and magnesium, and among trace elements - copper, zinc and strontium. Among the anions in the soils and litters of bird nesting sites, an increase in the content of nitrates, phosphates and chlorine was found.

In soils developing within a monolithic soilgeochemical catena, the composition of water-soluble macro-, microelements and anions has been studied. It has been shown that, as hydromorphism increases from eluvial to accumulative landscapes, the carbon and nitrogen contents naturally increase. The nature of the distribution of water-soluble forms of macro$ and microelements is due to bioaccumulative processes and features of eluvial-illuvial differentiation of soils. In the marginal parts of the watershed depression, the combination of eluvial$illuvial differentiation of the soil and intensive lateral removal in the spring determines the maximum leaching of the upper soil horizons. The use of cluster analysis confirms in the system of geochemical catena the relationship of genetic affiliation and soil position with the composition of water extracts.

The composition of water extracts of soils developing within the het erolithic geochemical landscape of the Klyazma river basin in its upper reaches has been studied. The main factor that determines the content of water-soluble components is the genesis of soils and the position of the soil in a series of elementary landscapes. The specifics of the content of water soluble macro- and microelements in the soil profile outside the zone of anthropogenic influence and developing according to the eluvial- illuvial type is due to their natural organization, with the combination of podzolization in combination with texture organization. Under the con ditions of a supersquale landscape that has emerged from the flood regime, characterized by the complexity of the soil cover, the distribution of water soluble components in the soil profile is determined by the carbonate content and proximity to the surface of soil ground water. An additional factor determining the composition of soil water on the lowered elements of the relief is the underlying soil with peat bogs. It is shown that calcium is among the most important elements that determine the specificity of the studied heterolithic landscape. The composition of water-soluble components for each of the soils is specific, which is confirmed on the basis of the results of cluster analysis.

Mineralization rates of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition of non-remediated and remediated oil)polluted, as well as background soils from the main types of West Siberian middle taiga’s ecosystems were measured in laboratory experiments. Rates of SOM mineralization were measured by alkali absorption of CO₂ released from wet soil samples at 20°C (basal respiration). Because of linear character of cumulative curves of CO₂ release SOM mi neralization rates were expressed by mineralization index K1 equal to the annual amount of CO₂ released per 1 gramm of soil. K1 values varied in a range 0,123—1,578 mg СО₂/g/day. Highest value was found in background forest soil, lowest — in oil-polluted peat soil with extremely high oil content (544 g/kg). K1 values negatively correlated (K = –0,57) with oil content. SOM mineralization rates in remediated oil)polluted peat soils varied in a range — 0,31—0,85 mg СО₂/g/day

Within the landscapes of the upper reaches of the Klyazma River, the long-term component composition of natural waters in the system has been studied: snow waters — soil solutions — soil-ground waters — surface waters. It has been determined that the regular excess of the content of the main macro- and microelements in soil solutions in comparison with snow waters at subsequent stages is first replaced by an increase in the concentration of components in soil-ground water, followed by a decrease in the content in surface waters — streams and river waters. It is shown that the relatively high mobility of sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium, and of the anions chloride and nitrate ions, is accompanied by a significant decrease in the mobility of elements of the family of iron, copper and zinc at the transition from groundwater to surface water. This explains the wide distribution of segregated forms, presented in the form of nodules in soils of semi-hydromorphic landscapes, up to ortsands, and in the boggy conditions of near-terrace depressions on the border with the super-aquatic landscape, the formation of typical bog ores. Thus, the composition of natural waters and its change serves not only as a good, but also a necessary tool for explaining the features of migration of elements in the soil — natural water system.

From 1978 to 2021, the migration parameters and dynamics of the distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in arable and virgin soils of the Tula region were studied. Identical patterns of distribution of ¹³⁷Cs from global and Chernobyl fallout in the soil profile of leached chernozems were revealed. On arable land, agrotechnical measures contribute to the uniform distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in the arable soil layer. In virgin soil horizons of chernozem soils of meadow phytocenoses, the processes of redistribution of radionuclides in the surface layers were most active in the first 10-year period after the fallout, which this contributed to the equalization of ¹³⁷Cs content in layers 0–2 and 2–5 cm and its increase in the 5–10 cm layer to more than 30% by the beginning of 2000. Nowadays, more than 75% of the ¹³⁷Cs content in virgin chernozem soils of the Tula region is concentrated in the upper 15 cm layer, and the penetration depth of radionuclides reaches 40–45 cm.

For landscape conditions in the upper reaches of the river Klyazma, Solnechnogorsk district, Moscow region, the height and reserves of snow cover were investigated, and the chemical composition of the snow was determined. The basis for considering the component composition of snow cover was the geochemical taxonomy of chemical elements based on the characteristics of water migration and abundance.

Data from 23 snow sampling points were interpolated in SAGA GIS using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method. On this basis, zones differing in the chemical composition of snow are identified. One of the zones is confined to the M-10 Moscow-St. Petersburg highway, while the second borders on populated areas. The area close to the highway is characterized by increased levels of calcium, sodium, aluminum, and chloride ions in the snow cover. The second zone, bordering populated areas, is characterized by a high content of calcium, copper, and manganese in the snow. For the third zone, low concentrations of components in the snow were observed, which are characteristic of a superaquatic landscape due to the distance from sources of pollution.

The studied composition of snow waters belongs to the bicarbonate-sodium-calcium-chloride class. It has been shown that the height and reserves of snow cover are partially controlled by two factors: the type of elementary landscape and the type of ecosystem. Against this background, the spatial distribution of concentrations of elements and anions in snow is predominantly controlled by the anthropogenic factor.