Articles

The study objects are represented by calcareous and weakly differentiated soils underlain by the hard carbonate-silicate rocks (red-colored and without reddish pigment ones) that have formed in the cold, continental environment of the southern part of the Lena-Angara plateau, Eastern Siberia. The study aimed to investigate the autochthonous/ allochthonous nature of the loose calcareous substrate underlain by the hard rock using data of clay mineralogy. Intensive leaching of carbonates in the soil profiles led to decrease of the pH values simultaneously with increase of the proportions of dithionite extractable iron in the topsoils. The clay mineral association is the same in the red-colored soil and calcareous hard rock. It represented by chlorite and dioctahedral mica (illite), and a small proportion of the mixed-layer illite-smectite (vermiculite) structures with < 50% of smectite (vermiculite) layers. The latter increases slightly in the soil horizons compared to the hard rock. Oppositely, clay mineralogy in the profile on the non reddish colored rock differs from that in the silicate part of the hard rock. Dioctahedral smectite, talc, dioctahedral mica, chlorite, and mixed-layer chlorite-vermiculite (smectite) were identified in the silicate part of the calcareous hard rock. In the soil horizons the decrease of the proportions of talc and smectitic clay was occurred. Besides, appearance of kaolinite in the soil horizons that is absent in the hard rock can be an indicator of the allochthonous substrate occurrence. The studied soils are illustrated two variants of pedogenesis on the loose calcareous substrate underlain by hard carbonate-silicate rocks: (i) on the eluvium of hard rock (red-colored profile) and (ii) with admixture of allochthonous loose substrate in the profile underlain by hard calcareous rock.

Middle and Upper Devonian (Voronezh, Belgorod regions of Russia) and Early and Middle Carboniferous (southern flank of Moscow sedimentary basin) paleosols were studied in detail. It was shown that the specificity of clay mineralogy of studied paleosols (with few exceptions) is their monomineral composition. Devonian terrestrial deposits and paleosols developed from them are kaolinitic, rare they have berthierine composition. Early Carboniferous paleosols are smectitic and Middle Carboniferous — palygorskitic. The mineralogy clear reflects the trends towards the aridization of climate and shifts in climatic zonation. Monomineral compositions and the absence of interstratification are the principal differences between Paleozoic, and Quaternary paleosols and modern soils developed from terrigenous deposits. The main reason behind it is the juvenile nature of Paleozoic paleosols from one side and the re-cycling of material from which Quaternary soils are developed – from other

The mineralogical composition of the silt fraction of marshes soils on the tombolo, a bridge between the mainland and a small island on the Pomorsky coast of the White Sea, has been studied. The soils on different parts of the marshes are characterized by different sequences of sediments and soil horizons embedded in them. Mica minerals (“illites”), kaolinite, chlorite and mixed-layer illite-vermiculite and chlorite-smectite were present in the silt fraction of all soils. Variation of mineralogical composition of clays was noted both between soil horizons and between the studied profiles. In our opinion, the variation is determined both by sediment composition and soil weathering of minerals, which confirms the idea of T.A. Sokolova about the complex character of formation of mineralogical composition of clays in soils on sediments re-deposited by water. The main weathering process in marsh soils was the degradation transformation of chlorite and, possibly, mica with the formation of smectite packages. These processes are spatially associated with the aeration zones of the marsh soils, at least periodically under oxidative regime.

The interaction of water-soluble organic matter (DOM) in aqueous extracts obtained from H horizon samples of peaty-podzolic-gleyic soil on kaolinite and muscovite were studied. The extracts contained different amounts of water-soluble Corg. mainly with molecular masses of about 20 kDa, represented mainly by hydrophilic compounds, but with different ratios of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components and with different concentrations of compounds containing aromatic structures. It has been established that the sorption of DOM components under the experimental conditions depends on the Сorg. concentration in the extracts, on the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, on the mineral : solution ratio and practically does not depend on pH. Hydrophobic components and aromatic compounds are more sorbed on kaolinite surface compared to muscovite. The observed decrease of C org. sorption on both minerals when sorption per unit area of external surface in the experiments with the mineral : solution ratio of 1:50 in comparison with the ratio of 1:10 may indicate both the heterogeneity of sorption centers on the surface of minerals and the competition for these centers between the components of DOM. No significant changes in the curves of molecular weight components of DOM after interaction with kaolinite and with muscovite were revealed.

The fractionation of the clay fraction was carried out and the mineral composition of clay and its subfractions in the soil of the rhizosphere of the Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and in the bulk soil from the AELoa horizon of podzolic soil was studied. It was found that the clay fraction is dominated by a 1‒0.2 microns subfraction (56% in the rhizosphere of maple and 60% in the bulk soil) and contains 20% of 0.2‒0.06 microns subfraction in the rhizosphere and 27% of this fraction in the bulk soil. The content of 0.06‒0.02 and <0.02 microns subfractions did not exceed 10%. A significant increase was revealed in the proportion of 0.06‒0.02 microns subfraction and a decrease in the proportion of <0.02 microns subfraction in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. The size fractions of clay both in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil are differentiated by their mineral composition. The 1‒0.2 microns fraction is dominated by kaolinite; the proportion of micas increased and the proportion of kaolinite decreased in the 0.2‒0.02 microns fraction, while in the <0.02 microns fraction the proportion of labile minerals significantly increases. There was no significant difference in the mineral composition of the clay fraction and the 1‒0.2 microns subfraction. It was found that the 0.2‒0.02 microns subfraction in the rhizosphere contains significantly more labile minerals compared to the bulk one, which are a result of intensively occurring mica transformation processes into labile structures in the rhizosphere.

The normative yield and cadastral value of agricultural lands of Altai Krai have been estimated. 123 soils from sodpodzolic to mountain soils in different agroclimatic conditions and landscape elements were characterized. The cadastral value varies in the range of values from 17.2 rub.∙м-2 for leached chernozems to 0.02 rub.∙м-2 for automorphous typical solonchaks. The increase in cadastral value is associated with the growth of agroclimatic potential. The highest values of cadastral value and normative yield correspond to the zone of podzolized and leached chernozems,
dark gray and gray forest soils of Salair foothills, the lowest values of cadastral value and normative yield are characteristic of the zone of chestnut soils of dry steppes. According to median values of specific indicators of cadastral value in a number of chernozems the following dependence can be distinguished: typical chernozems> leached chernozems> podzolized chernozems> ordinary chernozems> southern chernozems. The sensitivity of cadastral value to degradation processes is shown: soil washout reduces specifi c indicators of cadastral value from 5% to 88%, deflation — by 5–92%, salinization — from 13 to 36%, gleying — up to 66%.

The article analyzes the features of the radioecological situation in the zone of possible influence of the State Scientific Center «Scientific Research Institute of Atomic Rectors» (SSC NIIAR, Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region). Field studies were conducted according to the methods recommended for conducting radioecological monitoring. Measurements of the specific activity of natural and man-made radionuclides were carried out on a scintillation gamma-ray spectrometer «Multirad» (Russia) with a scintillation detector NaI(Tl) 63×63 mm in 3-fold repetition. It is shown that at present the radioecological situation in the forests in the territory under consideration is satisfactory: the power of the equivalent absorbed dose of gamma radiation, the density of soil pollution and the levels of specific activity of 137Cs in biota do not exceed the normative indicators, with the exception of fungi, the specific activity of which is close to the maximum normative —2500 Bq∙kg-1. In the Cheremshansky Bay of Volga River the volume activity of 137Cs in the surface and bottom waters does not exceed the standard (11 Bq∙l-1), however, significant amounts of technogenic radionuclides such as 137Cs, 134Cs, 60Co were found in the bottom sediments. In forest and aquatic ecosystems, «critical components» can be distinguished, which are characterized by an increased storage capacity in relation to man-made radionuclides. In forest ecosystems, this is the litter of gray typical forest soil and the dark humus horizon of the urban quasi-ecosystem, and the components of the biota are higher fungi. In aquatic ecosystems — there are bottom sediments.

The soils of two pairs of catena were studied under conditions of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) contamination and lack of exposure within the Middle Taiga subzone (Tyumen region). 1st pair of catena: Gleyic Albic Podzol, Dystric Gleyic Histic Fluvisols, Dystric Gleyic Fluvisols; 2nd pair of catena:Albic Gleyic Retisols, Albic Gleyic Histic Retisols, Dystric Histic Gleysols . The effects of PH contamination on the biological characteristics of soils (respiration and catalase activity) and the possibility of their use for rationing the content of PH in soils were evaluated. The lateral migration of PH in soils prevailed over the radial one. The highest concentrations of PH were adsorbed in the upper peat layer (from 83 to 399 g∙kg-1). For soils of the superaqual position, a radial monotonously decreasing distribution of PH along the profile was revealed (from 40–50 to 3–4 g∙kg-1). PH contamination of soils led to a violation of the barrier and transformational hydrosphere functions of soils. The pH reaction of soils significantly changed towards alkalinization (0,5 to 2,0 pH units). The accumulation of chlorides (up to 0,7 g∙kg-1) with a maximum in the soils of the superaqual position was recorded; a reliable correlation was established between the pairs: the content of PH – pH, PH – Cl- and Cl- – pH, which indicated the income of crude oil into the soil as a result of emergency pipeline holes. PH underwent changes over time: heavy high-boiling hydrocarbons (99.9%) were present in the soils after 3 years of pollution. A significant correlation was revealed between PH and basal respiration (BR): direct for humic and reverse for organic soil horizons. It was found the microbial coefficient of qCO2 in organic soils of Western Siberia under oil contamination decreased with an increase in the concentration of PH. A negative correlation was found between PH concentrations and catalase activity in soils (R = –0,80 – (–0,90), p<0,05). Th e levels of PH content at which stable soil functioning occurs are justifi ed: no more than 6,8 g∙kg-1 for soils with 1-year contamination and 2,3 g∙kg-1 for soils with 3-year contamination and high concentrations of salts.

In the territories of urban specially protected natural areas in intact ecosystems, the predominance of nemoral species (larch, spruce, linden), meadow species (birch forest), and weed-ruderal species (pine forest) in the living ground cover was revealed. This species composition is not typical for natural zonal phytocenoses. Boreal species are found in small numbers in all plantings, only in larch their share reaches 35%. At the same time, in terms of typology, reserves and spatial distribution of litter of deciduous and coniferous plantations, protected areas correspond to similar characteristics of natural plantations, with the exception of pine plantations. Among the tree species studied, spruce exhibits the most stable influence on the conditions of formation of terrestrial detritus as an edificator. The intensity of the biological cycle in deciduous plantings is higher than in coniferous ones, as evidenced by data on the typology and stocks of litter. Litters, as a component of the ecosystem and as an important link in the biological cycle, are very stable in urban environments and can retain the properties of natural analogues in the absence of significant anthropogenic impact, unlike living ground cover. To expressly indicate the impact of a megacity on forest ecosystems, it is proposed to use an integrated approach based on the analysis of a number of informative and most accessible indicators of grass cover and litter. It has been established that litter of pine plantations is more sensitive to the influence of the metropolis.