Tatiana Alexandrovna Arkhangelskaya

Winter temperature regime was studied for soils of thufur field formed on gazha sediments within the first terrace above the floodplain, and for the dark humus soil formed under the conditions which were closer to zonal ones. The temperature of atmospheric air, that of soil surface under snow and soil temperatures at the depths of 5–120 cm were measured with autonomous temperature recorders. The surface temperature of soil under snow depended on the snow depth. In the thufur center the sum of surface temperatures for the period from December 10 to March 30 was equal to –387°C, and in the microdepression this sum was smaller by absolute value and equal to –170°C. Soil temperature in thufur microelevation for different depths was lower than soil temperature in microdepression between the thufurs; soil temperature in zonal conditions was intermediate. The zero-isotherm penetration depth was 55 cm within the thufur, 25 cm in microdepression and 45 cm in the zonal soil. The microtopography of the thufur field is a factor of snow redistribution and formation of heterogeneity of snow depth, thus forming regular differences in the zero-isotherm penetration depth in different areas and spatial heterogeneities in the temperature field of the studied soils in winter.

Thermal properties of the upper arable horizon of urban soil sampled on the territory of the Experimental soil station of Moscow State University, birch biochar, and their mixtures were studied. Soil from the Ap horizon was sieved through a 1 mm sieve and then mixed with biochar in various proportions; the biochar content in the mixtures ranged from 1 to 15% by dry weight. Plastic cylinders 5.1 cm high and 7.7 cm in diameter were filled with soil, biochar, and their mixtures. The bulk density of the samples varied from 1.34 g·cm–3 for the Ap horizon to 0.28 g·cm–3 for biochar. Thermal properties were measured with a probe method using a TEMPOS device with an SH-3 probe; the distance between the probe needles was 0,6 cm. A series of measurements were performed for each of the six samples with a stepwise change in sample moisture content from the maximum one after capillary saturation to the minimum one in an air-dry state. At each moisture content for each sample, the thermal properties were measured in tenfold repetition, successively placing the probe in different positions within the central zone of the sample. The heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity of the substrates consistently decreased with increasing biochar content over the entire moisture content range; the highest values of all thermal properties were obtained for the Ap horizon, and the lowest for biochar. All samples demonstrated a linear growth of volumetric heat capacity with moisture content, and the slopes of the obtained curves were quite similar. The specific heat capacity of soil moisture calculated from the experimental data was equal to 3406.8 J·kg–1·K–1, which confirms the concept that the heat capacity of water in the soil is less than the heat capacity of free water. The thermal conductivity of biochar increased almost linearly with moisture content. The thermal conductivity of soil and mixtures increased rapidly with moisture content in the range of 0.03–0.20 cm3·cm–3, then the growth slowed down, and with an increase in moisture above 0.45 cm3·cm–3, the thermal conductivity decreased. The thermal diffusivity of biochar was very low and almost constant over the entire moisture range. The thermal diffusivity vs. moisture content dependences for soil and mixtures were similar to the curves for thermal conductivity, but had two weakly expressed maxima, the first of which was observed at moisture content below 0.20 cm3·cm–3. It is concluded that the introduction of biochar into loamy soil reduces its thermal diffusivity and thereby stabilizes the soil temperature regime, reducing the range of diurnal temperature fluctuations and slowing down seasonal warming. For urban conditions with high summer temperatures, this effect can be regarded as positive; for regions with low heat supply, the introduction of biochar into the soil is rather undesirable, at least in the context of soil temperature regime.