Olga Yuryevna Goncharova

Изучены действие и последействие строительства трассы магистрального трубопровода на свойства гумуса и особенности его распределения по гранулометрическим фракциям дерново-подзолистой почвы. Охарактеризованы признаки техногенной деградации гумуса и степень их выраженности по сравнению с контрольной почвой в разные периоды наблюдений во взаимосвязи со спецификой экологической ситуации.

The article discusses the existing methodological approaches used in Russian and foreign studies of urban soils. The analysis of methods for studying the soil cover as an object of landscape design, considering its formation and functioning on the example of the Moscow city. Information is provided on the territorial and functional organization of urban space. From the point of view of methodological approaches for the study of urban soils, it is proposed to divide them into two groups: uneven-aged soils with bulk surface horizons from various recultivants, formed according to design documents, and natural and surface-transformed soils without filling layer. The features of methodological approaches for studying each soil group are considered. It is noted that the material composition of the ground materials from which urban soils are formed has a significant impact on their structure, properties and functioning. The use of ground materials of different composition and properties for the formation of the upper part of urban soils, sometimes an unknown history of their functioning and land use, and possible numerous violations cause extremely high and most often unsystematic spatial and temporal variability of urban soils. With the increasing interest of the scientific community in the qualitative assessment of the urban environment, the most promising is the development of methods for studying the resulting ecological functions of urban soils using integral indicators, as well as the development of approaches, methods and technologies for creating urban soils that meet the criteria of green environmental management.

Key words: soils of Moscow city, zoning of urban areas, soil science methods, urban ecology, ecological functions of soils, ground materials.

The response of biological activity and the content of labile forms of biogenic elements in peats of different genesis to variation in their moisture content was studied under laboratory conditions. Samples of peat soils of the northern and southern taiga (Tyumen and Moscow regions) were used in this work. A series of manipulation experiments were conducted in which the dynamics of such indicators as basal respiration (BR), microbial biomass carbon, labile carbon and nitrogen content were estimated for different peat types at different moisture levels. The effect of the experiment duration and type on the dynamics of peat properties was also assessed. It was found that all the studied peat samples are characterized by a wide range of moisture content, at which the maximum of biological activity is observed. In general, it is in the range from 20–30% to 80–90% of water–holding capacity (WHC). In this range, no significant relationship is observed between moisture content and BR. In most experiments, a reliable decrease in biological activity was observed only in the "extreme" humidity ranges - less than 20% and more than 90% WHC. It is shown that the nature of the response to moistening is individual, determined by the properties of the sample and depends little on the type of sample preparation. In experiments and model calculations, it is proposed to use the obtained sensitivity coefficient to moisture — W₂₀, which is 1.0‒1.2 in the range of 40‒80% WHC for peat samples of different genesis. Long-term variants of incubation experiments showed a more pronounced response to overmoistening and a reliable decrease in biological activity at high humidity values (more than 80% WHC). This may indicate their better applicability for solving problems of modeling the behavior of ecosystems in the event of a change in the hydrological situation.