Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil Science

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Antimicrobial activity of specialised metabolites of soil streptomycetes-chitinolytic

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2024. N 1. p.51-60

Gulnara An. Teregulova Natalia Al. Manucharova Nuria An. Urazbakhtina Natalia Sergeevna Zhemchuzhina Lyudmila Iv. Yevtushenko Alexey L. Stepanov

856

One hundred and fifty strains of streptomycetes were isolated from grey and dark grey forest soils, as well as from typical chernozem. The isolated strains were analyzed in Vitro for antimicrobial activity on nutrient media and in grey forest soil against twenty-three collection pathogenic test cultures of fungi and bacteria. Four biologically active isolates with a wide spectrum of action were identified and deposited in the All-Russian Collection of industrial microorganisms of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute. They were identified and deposited under the following numbers: Streptomyces xiamenensis TB ВКПМ Ас-2204, Streptomyces anulatus TG ВКПМ Ас-2203, Streptomyces sindenensis TK ВКПМ Ас-2205, Streptomyces flavovirens TT ВКПМ АС-2202. A study of the effect of pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds by the 15-day cultural liquids of the strains S. xiamenensis TB ВКПМ Ac-2204, S. anulatus TG ВКПМ Ac-2203, S. sindenensis TK ВКПМ Ac-2205 on germination rates and infection with F. graminearum revealed that they inhibited the growth of a pathogenic fungus. Besides, they improved seed vigour and germination of wheat. The resulting strains of soil actinomycetes can be used in biotechnology with an aim to create the new bioinoculants when dealing with phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. The strains can also be used for stimulating the plant growth, as well as for soil bioremediation in organic farming. Through the application of the HPLC method, specialized antimicrobial metabolites of monosporic strain suspensions were identified. The identified antibiotics are N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide, 1-(1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethan-1-ol, 2-[(3S)-1-(Cyclohexylmethyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl]-1H-benzimidazole-5-carbonitrile, Cyclo(leucylprolyl), Cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl). The identified antiseptics are Cetrimonium and Carvone. The identified phytohormone is auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Observation of the dynamics of development of introduced actinobacteria under study in soil samples showed high activity of streptomycetes that use chitin. Analysis of the diversity of the prokaryotic complex of the studied soil samples with the application of the high-throughput sequencing of the conserved region of the 16S rRNA gene method revealed during the introduction of S. xiamenensis TB ВКПМ Ac-2204 that its controlling role in the microbial community is due to its antibiotic-forming activity.

Keywords: soil; streptomyces; specialized metabolites; soil; antibiotics; actinomycetes; streptomycetes; chitinolytic

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2024-79-1-51-60

Optimization of nitrogen nutrition of grasses on oil-polluted oligotrophic peat soil

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2024. N 1. p.42-50

Ruslan R. Kinzhaev Anastasia D. Galtsova Anna V. Arzamazova Vladimir A. Romanenkov

838

The paper demonstrates the importance of creating optimal conditions for mineral nutrition of cereal grasses and microorganisms in oligotrophic oil polluted peat soil under remediation. To establish the effectiveness of using various forms of nitrogen fertilizers in oil pollution, changes in the agrochemical properties and enzymatic activity of the soil, the productivity of cereal grasses and the amount of DNA prokaryotes were investigated. A significant increase in the productivity of plants and the number of bacteria and archaea in oligotrophic peat soil is shown when optimizing nitrogen nutrition, especially pronounced when introducing the ammonium-nitrate form of fertilizer. There is a close relationship between catalase activity in soil and residual oil content in soil.

Keywords: oil pollution; phytoremediation; mineral fertilizers; soil enzymatic activity; number of prokaryotes

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2024-79-1-42-50

Assessment of effectiveness of different nitrogen fertilizers forms in phytoremediation on oil-contaminated typical chernozem

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2024. N 1. p.33-41

Anastasia D. Galtsova Ruslan R. Kinzhaev Anna V. Arzamazova Vladimir A. Romanenkov

831

The study investigated the role of optimized nutrition and the development of a mixture of cereal grasses in oil-contaminated typical chernozem soil with a high level of pollution. The influence of different forms of nitrogen fertilizers at a moderate level of plant nitrogen supply in the presence of oil pollution was investigated using indicators that characterize the agrochemical and enzymatic properties of the soil, as well as the productivity and qualitative composition of remedial plants. Soil contamination with oil at doses of 5 g oil per g of soil and 7 g oil per g of soil had a significant negative effect on the productivity of remedial plants, manifested in a reduction in biomass and the content of major elements (NPK). It was noted that optimized nutrition with mineral fertilizers increases biomass and improves the qualitative composition of plants growing under oil pollution conditions. It was shown that the most favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants were formed when nitrate forms of nitrogen fertilizers were applied compared to ammonium and ammonium-nitrate forms in equivalent doses. A high dependence of the activity of the studied enzymes (catalase, urease, and phosphatase) on the oil content in the soil was noted. When mineral fertilizers used, the enzymatic activity of typical chernozem increases proportionally to the decrease in oil content in the soil, that indicating an intensification of oil hydrocarbon degradation processes when mineral fertilizers are applied.

Keywords: oil pollution; phytoremediation; mineral fertilizers; soil enzymatic activity

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2024-79-1-33-41

Dissolved organic matter of chernozems of diff erent uses: the relationship of structural features and mineral composition

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2024. N 1. p.24-32

Natalia A. Kulikova Vladimir A. Kholodov Julian R. Farkhodov Aliya R. Ziganshina Anna G. Zavarzina Mikhail M. Karpukhin

922

Structural peculiarities of the organic component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of typical chernozems (Protocalcic Chernozem), differing in the principal direction of soil organic matter transformation (accumulation or mineralization), has been analyzed in relation to the mineral composition of DOM. To characterize the structural features of the organic component, spectrometry in the ultraviolet and visible range and fluorescence spectroscopy were applied as approaches most often used for these purposes due to the expressiveness and accessibility of the instrumental design. The content of mineral elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Zn) was carried out by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. DOM of arable chernozems, where the mineralization of organic matter is the prevalent process of organic matter transformation, was found to possess higher values of the indexes E2/E3, BIX and SUVA254. The latter indicates a smaller MM, a greater contribution of organic matter of microbial origin and aromatic structures to the composition of DOM as compared to soils not involved in agricultural use. The analysis of the mineral component showed Si and Ca were the most abundant elements in the DOM. The involvement of chernozems in agricultural use resulted in a decrease in Ca content and an increase in Si, Fe and Al, what reflected an increase in the degree of weathering of the mineral matrix of chernozems. The conducted rank correlation analysis showed the presence of significant relationships between the structural characteristics of the DOM (E2/E3, SUVA254, MM, BIX, T) and the content of mineral elements (Ca, Al, Fe, Si) indicating the influence of weathering processes on the formation of the soil DOM.

Keywords: arable soils; UV-visible spectroscopy; fluorescence spectroscopy; gel permeation chromatography; weathering

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2024-79-1-24-32

The number of repetitions during of the soil organic carbon content monitoring in the forest revisited

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2024. N 1. p.16-23

Vera P. Samsonova Yulia. L. Meshalkina Marina I. Kondrashkina Svetlana Ev. Dyadkina

813

Using the example of data from the article by E.A. Dmitriev et al., the estimation of the required number of soil samples to assess the SOC content in the forest biogeocenosis during monitoring studies is considered. Primary data on SOC content were obtained in the spruce forest at 166 points in layers 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm after removal of the litter. The sampling was carried out at the nodes of a regular grid of equilateral triangles with 1 m side within a regular hexagon with a side of 7 m. The SOC content was determined by the Tyurin method. The original article presents statistics for three zones — near-stem, under-crown and inter-crown space. Spatial variation in all zones and at all depths is high, the coefficients of variation are about 50%. It is shown that the number of replicates required for estimating the average SOC content at a 95% confidence level in the 0–10 cm layer is hundreds of samples and decreases to tens of samples in the 20–30 cm layer. Since the number of repetitions for testing hypotheses about the equality of means depends not only on the confidence level, but also on the power of the criterion used, the required number of repetitions increases several times. Sampling with samples taken from the entire vertical layer of 0–30 cm and forming mixed samples from them reduces the number of required repetitions, however, careful observance of sample preparation, including primary mixing of samples, is required.

Keywords: carbon stocks; coefficient of variation; estimation of the mean value; contrast of means; significance level; power analyses; sample size; mixed samples

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2024-79-1-17-23

Method for 3D soil horizonation using digital images

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2024. N 1. p.5-16

Daria Al. Zhulidova Zinaida S. Artemyeva Dmitry M. Khomyakov

906

We created a three-dimensional (3D) model of the spatial arrangement of soil horizons with broken boundaries using digital images. This technique was tested on a Retisol — an Alfisol with a glossic horizon. Photographs were taken for 11 vertical sections (2.5 cm distance between sections) of the soil profile for an area of 30 × 45 cm. Colorimetric accuracy of the images was tested against measurements of moist soil samples made with a portable spectrophotometer. The selected best images were calibrated using an internal color calibration method for color correction. The images were combined into a common array to build a 3D optical soil horizon map using the CIELAB color space. A protocol for processing the 3D soil images was created that showed 3D soil structure. It was found that the CIELAB color coordinates can be used to distinguish and delineate AE, E, and EB horizons. We then tested the method to assess soil carbon stocks and found that the stocks using the 3D model were 28% higher than when calculated using the 2D model. We conclude that the optical 3D mapping method can accurately represent the 3D structure and can be used to quantify soil horizon variations.

Keywords: digital soil morphometrics; natural lightness; soil moisture; carbon stocks; soil color; mosaic soil profile

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2024-79-1-5-16

Soil engineering: modern challenges and development prospects

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 4. p.109-125

Natalia Ol. Kovaleva Ivan V. Kovalev

1096

Keywords: environmental engineering; anthropogenically modified soils; constructozems; land reclamation; vertical planning; engineering properties of soils

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2023-78-4-109-125

Simulation modeling and practical use of the hydrological function of detritus in soil engineering technologies

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 4. p.94-108

Andrey V. Smagin Nadezhda B. Sadovnikova Elena Al. Belyaeva Kristina V. Korchagina Victoria N. Krivtsova

704

The high water retention and water capacity functions of detritus determine its potential hydrological significance in the formation of the water regime of soils and phytoproductivity of forest landscapes. Using computer modeling of water exchange in the “soil-plant-atmosphere” HYDRUS-1D system, we preliminary studied the hydrological func- tion of detritus for water retention of precipitation and root water consumption at different amounts and variants of the arrangement of detritus layers in the soil profile. The soil structures designed on the basis of this information for sustainable afforestation with increased carbon sequestration demonstrated in field experiments with water balance monitoring high efficiency in optimizing the water retention capacity of the soil and roots water consumption of the test crop (Glauca spruce) with a 2-3-fold reduction in unproductive water losses and a 1.5–2-fold increase in the current plant growth relative to untreated control. The physical mechanism of the detritus hydrological function is the formation of capillary barriers blocking evaporation and capillary resorption of soil water due to due to surface accumulation (forest litter) or placement in layers inside the soil (peat layers in constructosems).

Keywords: biodegradation; gel-forming soil conditioners; incubation experiment; biological oxygen uptake; biological kinetics; process modeling

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2023-78-4-94-108

Studies of oil- contaminated soils and forward-looking approaches to their remediatio

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 4. p.83-93

Sergey Ya. Trofimov Ekaterina Ig. Kovaleva Nikolay A. Avetov Inna I. Tolpeshta

1175

Milestones in the study of oil-contaminated soils at the Faculty of Soil Science for 50 years of its foundation are dis- cussed from the prospects for the development of environmental regulation and new technologies of soil reclamation. The development of a methodological framework for the determination of oil and petroleum hydrocarbons in soils, studies of soil properties, the chemistry of oil and its components in soil and adjacent media are shown. The devel- opment of legislation on the rationing of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils is given, including the important role of the staff of Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University in the work out of a number of regional standards for the permissible residual content of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils is noted. The approaches to ecological rationing of oil and petroleum hydrocarbons in soils are proposed, in the aspects of natural climatic zones and the type of landuse. The importance of improving the regulatory and methodological framework and continuing work in this direction is emphasized. The necessity of research at developing technologies for reclamation of oil-contaminated lands and special use of oil-contaminated waste is indicated.

Keywords: soils; oil and petroleum hydrocarbons; rationing; reclamation; remediants; technologies

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2023-78-4-83-93

The main directions of scientific research at the departament of erosion and soilprotection: current state and prospects of development

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 4. p.70-82

Oleg A. Makarov Mikhail S. Kuznetsov Valery V. Demidov Dina V. Karpova Pavel S. Shulga Dina R. Abdulkhanova Elena N. Yesafova Evgeny N. Kubarev

715

The Department of Erosion and Soil Protection has developed the main scientific directions – «Assessment of ero- sion processes in soils of various bioclimatic zones», «Study of the basics of sustainable land use» and «Ecological and economic assessment of soil and land degradation». It is proposed to develop both existing areas of scientific research with a certain adjustment of their names and problems («Analysis and modeling of erosion processes in soils, including in the context of climate change», «Development of the concept of sustainable land use in the context of food security», «Ecology, economics and socio-demographic features of land use in the context of climate change and soil degradation»), as well as new directions that have some research history at the department — «Development of principles of soil protection», «Development of methodological foundations of land reclamation». The necessity of creating a holistic concept of soil protection is considered in particular detail. This concept should include both the formulation of legal (legislative and regulatory-methodological) principles of soil protection, and the definition of criteria for assessing soils under which their protection can be carried out, and the development of soil protection systems (first of all, from the manifestation of erosion processes) in various bioclimatic and administrative-territorial conditions.

Keywords: soil erosion; sustainable land use; ecological and economic assessment; soil degradation; land reclamation

DOI Number: 10.55959/MSU0137-0944-17-2023-78-4-70-82

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