Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil Science

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Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 4. p.44-54

Alexey I. Shcheglov Olga B. Tsvetnova Galina I. Agapkina Denis N. Lipatov Dmitry V. Monakhov Sergey V. Mamikhin Tatyana A. Paramonova Valeria V. Stolbova Evgeny V. Tsvetnov

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722

The article deals with issues related to the development of radioecology as an independent scientific discipline. The achievements of the past years, the studies that are currently being carried out, as well as promising areas of development in this area are analyzed. A corrected periodization of the stages of development of radioecology is proposed, taking into account the experience accumulated to date in the field of this discipline. At the initial stage (1895–1929:), empirical material was collected; at the first stage (1930–1960), the theoretical foundation was laid and radioecology was formed as an independent discipline; at the second stage (1961–1990), intensive development of radioecology was noted, and at the third stage (1991–2010) — progressive development of radioecology; the forth modern stage of radioecology development falls at the beginning of the twentieth century (2011 — present). For each stage the main scientific achievements and evolution of ideas in the field of radioecology are considered. It is postulated that at present the development of this discipline is associated with the further improvement of world nuclear technologies, the elimination of the consequences of a number of radiation incidents (the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, 2011), the revision of the concept of radiation protection of the environment and a number of other provisions. Particular attention is paid to forest radioecology, one of the most important main directions of this science.

Keywords: discovery of radioactivity; ionizing radiation; natural and technogenic radionuclides; aerial fallout; radiation accidents; contamination; radiation ecology; history of development

The skyline of paleopedology

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 4. p.29-43

Alexey V. Rusakov

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587

Paleopedology is a booming scientific discipline that studies the soils of the past geological epochs in order to assess the paleoenvironmental evolution. The scope of paleosol studies embraces not only soils themselves, but also the products of their involvement in biogeosphere cycles. This ensures the planetary role of pedogenesis, which includes the transformation of the upper layers of the lithosphere including the increase in fine earth, new minerals, residual or accumulative concentration of elements. In the geological history of the Earth, pedogenesis is realized within the framework of exogenesis, which includes weathering, soil formation, sedimentation, diagenesis, and geochemical migration. The pedolithosphere records the critical points in the landscape evolution of the Earth from the very onset of the geological record, including the oxygenation of the atmosphere, the emergence of the higher plants and herbaceous biomes, the dynamics of interglacial-glacial cycles, etc. Paleosols are the base for paleogeographic recon- structions and predictive models of the future climate change. Paleopedology expands the horizons of soil science within the system of biogeosphere sciences and determines the development of new scientific disciplines — bacterial paleontology, paleogeochemistry, biogeomorphology, astropedology, geoarchaeology, ecological paleopedology, soil paleocryogenesis and the cryobiosphere studies. The historical dimension granted by paleopedology makes pedology a mature historical science.

Keywords: paleosols; paleolandscape reconstruction; pedostratigraphy; soil evolution

Experience in creating an information system for the rational use of soil resources

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 4. p.14-28

Sergey A. Shoba Irina O. Alyabina Oleg M.Golozubov Peter Al. Chekmaryov Sergey V. Lukin Olga V. Chernova Varvara M. Kolesnikova

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641

Keywords: distributed information system; agricultural and soil data centers; Big Data analysis; digital economy ; digital agriculture; cartographic and attributive soil data

Sola incognita: unsolved pedogenetic challenges

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. N 4. p.4-13

Pavel V. Krasilnikov

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568

For the anniversary of the Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University, the author examines the issues that have remained unresolved in the field of classical genetic soil science over the past half century, and offers a list of tasks that need to be solved in the near future. It is noted that against the background of decreased interest in pedogenetic research, problems are accumulating in related fields that require a clear understanding of the genesis of soils: soil classification, digital soil mapping, paleopedology and soil assessment. One of the unsolved issues remains the estimation of the rates of soil-forming processes, without which it is difficult both to reconstruct the evolution of soils in the past and to predict the behavior of soil systems in the future. The mechanisms of textural differentiation have not been deciphered both in temperate regions and in the tropics; in many cases, soils clearly differentiated by the content of the clay fraction are adjacent to soils with a profile homogeneous in texture. The mechanisms of deep illuviation of humus are unknown in the absence of signs of spodic or natric properties. There is no clear understanding of the mechanisms of formation of compacted subsurface horizons of soils (fragipan) and horizons cemented with opal (duripan). It is proposed to create a bank of unresolved soil-genetic issues that require analysis and solution.

Keywords: soil forming processes; soil classification; digital soil mapping; extreme soil formation; soil evolution

Overview

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science.

Pavel V. Krasilnikov

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400

Bottom sediments of surface watercourses of the Malmyzhsky mountain range

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 3. p.132-142

Galina V. Kharitonova Andrey V. Ostroukhov Vladimir Il. Kim Zemfira Tyugai Valeria O. Krutikova

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672

X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopic, sedimentation analyses and laser diffractometry methods were used to study the composition of bottom sediments of surface watercourses of the Malmyzhskaya Ridge section allocated for the construction of a mining and processing plant (Khabarovsk region, Russia). It is established that the bottom sediments of the coastal zone of the watercourses of the studied area are characterized by a similar gross composition and physical and chemical properties (pH, solid phase density, total carbon content, wetting edge angle CAW). They are mainly represented by fine earth with a high proportion of suspended sediments, in which the fraction of coarse silt prevails (particle size <2,0 mm, <0,1 mm and 0,01–0,05 mm, respectively). It is shown that deforestation in the sources of watercourses accompanied by soil erosion leads to a significant increase in the dispersion of sediments (an increase in the proportion of suspended sediments up to 90%) in the upstream. Downstream, with the distance from the felling sites, the influence of deforestation on the dispersion of deposits fades. The content of suspended sediment is reduced to values characteristic of watercourses in the catchment area of which deforestation has not been carried out. Significant microaggregation of suspended sediments of watercourses was revealed, the participation of microbiota (testate amoebas of xenosome taxa, diatoms and Fe-reducing bacteria) in the formation of microaggregates was diagnosed. The latter are involved in the formation of vivianite on the surface of ferruginous-clay microaggregates with an increased content of phosphates after fires. The mechanism of formation of toroidal microforms of vaterite in bottom sediments with the participation of cyanobacteria of the Spirulinaceae family is proposed.

Keywords: deforestation; soil erosion; bottom sediments; vivianite; vaterite; vaterite; Russian Far East

Acidity of degraded soils of agricultural lands of the Donetsk Peoples Republic

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 3. p.125-131

Irina V. Agurova

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703

Th e purpose of this work was to study the acidity of degraded agricultural soils. Th e main objectives of the research
were to study the actual and potential soil acidity of agricultural lands of the Donetsk Peoples Republic on the example
of agricultural farms in the northern part of the Shakhtyorsky district. It was established that the studied model sites
are characterized by a slightly acidic, neutral or slightly alkaline medium reaction, which creates favorable conditions
for the formation of crops and plant growth. When studying the exchangeable acidity of soils, the ambiguity
of changes in its values was established, depending on the location of the model sites, the system of soil content in
the crop rotation, the horizon, and other factors. The most exceeding the control values of the exchange acidity are
characteristic of the slope surfaces of sites where the intensity of erosion processes reaches a maximum (exceeding
the indicator compared to the control by average of 8,6%). In the future, increased values of exchangeable acidity
may adversely aff ect the formation of crop yields. Changes in the values of hydrolytic acidity of soils follow the same
regularity as the variation in the indices of exchangeable acidity. The most signifi cant excess of the hydrolytic acidity
index in comparison with the control was recorded on the slope sites of the fi elds (increase by 11–17%). The conducted
studies confi rm the need for constant agroecological monitoring of these lands with the regulation of mineral
fertilizers to increase the absorption capacity of soils due to increased values of exchangeable and hydrolytic acidity.

Keywords: exchangeable acidity; hydrolytic acidity; actual acidity; model site

Rheological properties of soils of different land use in the Syktyvkar urban district of the Komi Republic

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 3. p.115-124

Larisa Ig. Arakelova Aminat B. Umarova Dolgor D. Khaydapova Marina Al. Butylkina Zakhar S. Ezhelev Anna V. Fedotova

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1104

The mechanical characteristics of soils of the same genesis and diff erent land use of Syktyvkar are studied: agrodernovo-
podzolic urban-stratifi ed soil within the city, post-frost park soil, podzolic soil of suburban territory. The analysis of their relationship with the content of organic matter and granulometric composition is carried out. In
agrodern-podzolic urban-stratifi ed soil, the strength properties are largely due to the content of large granulometric
fractions (> 0.25 mm), and in podzolic soil — the content of organic matter. Rows of soils were built according
to the values of rheological parameters. The strength of structural bonds, estimated by the parameter of the initial
modulus of elasticity, is greatest in podzolic soil, a wide range of linear viscoelastic state distinguishes the horizons
of agroderno-podzolic urban-stratified soil. Both post-frost and podzolic soil have the same average values of the
starting point of the viscous flow region.

Keywords: podzolic soils; urban soils; soil structure; deformation; granulometric composition; organic matter; elasticity; viscous flow area; rheometer

The effect of mineral fertilizers on soil respiration in urban lawns

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 3. p.103-114

Svetlana. A. Klachkova Elizaveta N. Derevenets Peter S. Korolev Victoria V. Pronina

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704

Due to the need to develop technologies for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and increasing the C-absorption
capacity of natural and anthropogenic ecosystems, the possibility of using mineral fertilizers to regulate microbial
respiration and CO2 emissions from urban lawn soils was evaluated. Th e studies were carried out on the territory of
the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University on the Lenin Hills in a small-plot experiment with the fractional
application of four types of complex fertilizers (NPKS 27:6:6:2, NPKS 21:10:10:2, NPK 15:15:15 and NPK 18:18:18
+ 3 MgO + trace elements (TE)) at doses of 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 during the growing season. Th e carbon content
of microbial biomass (Cmic) using substrate-induced respiration was studied, the basal respiration (BR) of soils was
estimated, and the emission of CO2 from soils using closed static chambers was determined. Тhe Cmic content in the
soil of the control plot in the summer period varied within 1300–1450 μg·g-1. Th e application of NPKS 21:10:10:2
and NPK 18:18:18 + 3 MgO + TE at a low dose increased the Cmic content by 12–35% for two weeks, then it decreased.
Th e application of all fertilizers for a short period increased basal respiration of soils and CO2 emission,
maximum on the 6th day. After two weeks, the increase in the intensity of BR and CO2 emission decreased or it
reached the control values (1,5 μg C-CO2·g-1·h-1 and 500 mg·CO2 ·m-2·h-1 respectively) or less. In the short term,
the lowest intensity of CO2 emission and a surge in basal respiration, along with an increase in microbial biomass,
were observed with the addition of fertilizer NPKS 21:10:10:2. The greatest change in the functioning of the soil
microbial community, revealed by the maximum qCO2, occurred with the introduction of NPKS 27:6:6:2. The dynamics
of CO2 emission from the soils of the small-plot experiment from April to October correlated with the soil
temperature (rS = 0.66, p<0.05, n=135). In all periods of the study, the minimum CO2 emissions were noted for the
plot with NPKS 21:10:10:2 fertilizer.

Keywords: carbon dioxide; greenhouse gas emissions; basal respiration; urban soils

Mobile forms of heavy metals in typical chernozem of the Bashkortostan Republic, contaminated with oil and sodium chloride, under the conditions of a field experiment

Moscow University Bulletin. Series 17. Soil science. 2023. N 3. p.93-102

Elena Al. Timofeeva Alina S. Molodtsova

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770

The influence of oil pollution and concomitant salinization of chernozem typical in a field experiment has been studied. It is shown that the oil intake of 2 and 3 g·kg-1 with or without sodium chloride 1 g·kg-1 does not have a
negative effect. It was found that under the influence of salinization, the content of mobile forms of heavy metals
increases by an average of 1.5 times. The analysis of the content of heavy metals in crops cultivated on the territory
of the Republic of Bashkiria (Pisum sativum L., Triticum aestivum L.) aft er contamination with oil and sodium chloride was carried out both individually and jointly in a field experiment. The content of mobile forms of heavy metals in the soil under the infl uence

Keywords: rationing of oil pollution; heavy metals migration; agricultural soils pollution; chernozem salinization

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