Sofya Alekseevna Borisova

A comparative analysis of the composition of lysimetric waters for 2021–2022 was carried out. for two groups
of stationary soil lysimeters in the city. Th e fi rst group of lysimeters is formed by the system: fallow — grass
phytocenosis — overgrown fallow — spruce forest — mixed and broad-leaved plantation, developing on the
same type of mantle loam. Th e second group of lysimeters represents soils with diff erent types of tillage: conventional
plowing, extra-deep planting according to Bushinsky, plowing according to Mosolov, deep plowing
according to Kachinsky.
For both groups, the same type of migration of components is shown, in which the most migrating elements are
carbon, mono- and divalent cations, and chloride ion, with minimal migration of iron, manganese, and aluminum.
In the group of lysimeters under various types of vegetation, as the tree canopy develops and, accordingly, the
intensity of the biological cycle increases in migrating waters, the concentration of such important biophilic elements
as magnesium, calcium, potassium, and carbon increases signifi cantly, and among anions, chloride and sulfate ions.
Th is determines, within the framework of the cluster analysis, two diff erent subgroups in terms of the composition of
natural waters: the fi rst one is formed by the fallow-grass phytocenosis — overgrown fallow system, and the second
one combines tree plantations.
In the group of lysimeters with diff erent tillage, a cluster characterizes the composition of water in lysimeters with
reclamation plowing according to Mosolov and deep plowing according to Kachinsky. At the same time, individual
aggregates form lysimeters with conventional plowing and ultra-deep planting according to Bushinsky. This is explained
by the fact that in this group of lysimeters, the initially created soil profi le design is transformed, which is
characterized by the placement of eluvial and illuvial soil horizons in various combinations and at diff erent depths
depending on the type of plowing.

The article presents the results of a study on the dynamics of the height, reserves, and chemical composition of snow cover within the megapolis (Moscow) and conditionally background territories of the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region (Educational and experimental soil and ecological center of Lomonosov Moscow State University “Chashnikovo”) for the winter-spring period of 2023–2024.

The study objects included: the drainage divide area of the Klyazma River in conditionally background conditions and two types of soil lysimeters from the Faculty of Soil Science of the Lomonosov Moscow State University located within Moscow. The first type of lysimeters was characterized by various soil cultivation methods under continuous operation in meadow mown phytocenosis conditions. The second type of bulk lysimeters were situated under different land use types (bare fallow, fallow land, overgrowing fallow land, spruce plantations, mixed, and broad-leaved forests) formed on a uniform mineral matrix represented by cover loam.

The dynamics of snow cover exhibited similar patterns in both natural and city conditions: maximum snow reserves occurred in February, followed by a decline in spring. Minimum snow reserves were observed in lysimeter areas with spruce plantations, while maximum reserves were recorded in treeless areas, including grass fallow and lysimeter plots under various soil cultivation conditions. In urban environments, significantly higher concentrations of certain alkali and alkaline earth elements (sodium, calcium, strontium), as well as zinc and copper, were detected. The concentrations of the most mobile anions, particularly chlorides, in the snow water of the megapolis exceeded those in natural conditions by 2–3 times. This is consistent with the higher pH and electrical conductivity values for snow water in urban settings.

The type of phytocenosis played a key influence in the spatial distribution of snow and its components. Coniferous and mixed forests retained more snow, which reduced the migration of lysimetric waters, whereas broader-leaved and open areas experienced more intense snow accumulation and vertical water migration.